Solar cells from upgraded metallurgical grade
(UMG) andplasma-purifiedUMG multi-
crystalline silicon substrates
S. De Wolf
a,
*,1
, J. Szlufcika
, Y. Delannoyb
,I.P! erichaudc
,
C. H. aler
d
, R. Einhaus
e
a
IMEC vzw, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
b
EPM ENSHMG, BP 95, F-38402 St-Martin d’H" eres, France
c
UMR TECSEN, University of Marseille, F-13397 Marseille, France
d
Bayer AG, Postfach 166, D-47812 Krefeld, Germany
e
Photowatt International SA, F-38300 Bourgoin-Jallieu, France